Practice 1. Word Meaning and Propositions

Each number has a pair of sentences. Determine if sentences have the same or different assertions. If the sentence uses figurative language, uncover its literal meaning. If a similar word is used, determine if the terms do not have a significant difference in meaning by writing the literal meaning of each sentence.

Sentence Pair (Given)	Literal Meaning
1A. The night sky is full of dancing stars. 1B. There are an uncountable number of stars twinkling in the night sky.	The nighttime sky has many stars that twinkle in a way that can look like movement.	The two sentences have the same assertion.
2A. Mr. Johns’ arrival at the meeting was behind schedule. 2B. Mr. Johns’ arrival at the meeting was late.	Mr. Johns arrived after the scheduled time. Mr. Johns arrived later than expected.	❗ Assertion: Same proposition, different wording.
3A. Marjorie’s remarks were insulting. 3B. Marjorie’s remarks were hurtful.	Marjorie’s remarks offended or showed disrespect. Marjorie’s remarks caused emotional pain.	❗ Assertion: Different assertions.
4A. He answers math questions the way cheetahs run after their prey. 4B. He answers math questions very fast.	He answers math questions very quickly. He answers math questions quickly.	Assertion: Same assertion.

Practice 2 — Breaking Down Assertions in Statements

Breaking Down Assertions in a Statement
Circle the connective used in the statement. List the assertions made in the given statements. To demonstrate assertions, use the expression "The author insists that"; for non-assertions, use "The author does not insist that."

Statement	Breakdown
If I write down the instructions, I will not miss one of them. Connective: if	- The author does not insist that she wrote down the instructions. - The author does not insist that she will not miss any instructions. - The author insists that if she writes down the instructions, she will not miss one of them.
I worked on the project while I was at the hospital. Connective: while	- The author insists that he worked on the project. - The author insists that he was at the hospital. - The author insists that he worked on the project while he was at the hospital.
The shop will delay its closing if you pay extra. Connective: if	- The author does not insist that you will pay extra. - The author insists that if you pay extra, the shop will delay its closing time.
Jay got upset because the concert was canceled. Connective: because	- The author insists that the concert was canceled. - The author insists that Jay got upset. - The author insists that Jay got upset because the concert was canceled.

Practice 3 — Restrictive & Nonrestrictive Clauses

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8. Academic scholars who work as teaching assistants often stay late.

Type: Restrictive clause (specifies which scholars)

Diagram:

Academic scholars
       \
        \ who work as teaching assistants
         \
          • often stay late

9. The online players, who stream their games, gain many followers.

Type: Nonrestrictive clause (extra information)

Diagram:

The online players  ———— gain many followers
          |
          | (who stream their games)
          •

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