• What’s actually inside IC, what’s made AND, OR gate? 03 Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

MOSFET

• Metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are the most widely used field-effect transistors in many applications, such as microprocessors and memory chips.
• Semiconductor อยู่ระหว่าง Insulator (ฉนวน) กับ Conductor
  • Neutral state
  • ถ้าใส่ธาตุอะไร เช่น Boron เข้าไปนิดหน่อย มันจะเสีย Neutral State แล้วกลายเป็น ไม่ $n$ channel ไม่ก็ $p$ channel (+,- นิดหน่อย)
• คล้าย ๆ Light Switch แต่แทนที่จะ Mechanically กด ใช้ Voltage เข้าไปเปลี่ยน State on/off แทน
• The two types of MOSFETs are:
  • NMOS
  • PMOS
• MOSFETs can be considered as voltage-controlled electronic switches that can be turned ON (closed) or OFF (open).

NMOS

• the drain and source are heavily doped n+ regions, and the substrate or body consists of p material.When the gate is ==activated by a HIGH voltage==, an n channel is induced that allows current to flow from the drain to the source.

PMOS

• the drain and source are heavily doped p+ regions, and the substrate or body consists of n material.When the gate is activated by a LOW voltage, an p channel is induced that allows current to flow from the source to the drain.

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

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• เป็น Technology ที่มาก่อน MOSFET อีก (ครูไม่สอน)

Digital Integrated Circuits

• Digital integrated circuits (IC) are categorized into different logic families depending on input, output, and internal circuit characteristics.The most popular logic families are:-
  • Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) — most popular bipolar logic family based on BJTs. TTL logic families are compatible with each other but differ in speed, power consumption, cost, and other characteristics.
  • Complementary MOS (CMOS) — employs a complementary pair of NMOS and PMOS as its basic element. CMOS have largely replaced TTL in most applications due to their higher speed and lower power consumption. Many CMOS families are designed to have some compatibility with TTL.

    Note ว่า CMOS คือมันจะมาเป็นคู่ ถ้าอีกอันเป็น NMOS อีกอันต้องเป็น PMOS → การปิด/เปิด ก็จะตรงกันข้ามกัน

• The number of transistors on an integrated circuit chip depends on the functionality, and determines its physical size, speed, power consumption, thermal characteristics, and cost.
  • Small-scale integration (SSI) ~ up to 12 transistors on a single chip.
  • Middle-scale integration (MSI) ~ approximately 100 transistors on a single chip.
  • Large-scale integration (LSI) ~ approximately 10,000 transistors on a single chip.
  • Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) ~ approximately 100,000 transistors on a single chip.
  • Ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) ~ more than 100,000 transistors on a single chip.

CMOS and TTL logic families

IC Package

• The IC package is a case that surrounds the circuit material to protect it from corrosion or physical damage and allow mounting to the printed circuit board (PCB).
  • Through-hole — pins are inserted through holes in the PCB.
    • Dual in-line package (DIP)
  • Surface-mount technology (SMT) ~ pins are soldered directly to one side of the PCB, leaving the other side free for additional components.
    • Small-outline IC (SOIC)
    • Plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC)
    • Leadless ceram ic chip carrier (LCCC)!
• All IC packages have a standard format for numbering the pins or leads that are indicated by either a small dot, a notch, or a beveled edge.
  

Common 74xx Series IC