Personality (สภาพบุคคล): Natural Person

• เช่น แบบเวลาพ่อตาย ตอนกำลังตั้งครรภ์ ลูกก็มีสิทธิได้มรดกเหล่านั้น แม้ว่าตอนนั้นจะยังไม่คลอดก็ตาม!!

Sui Juris (บรรลุนิติภาวะ)

• Marriage at the age of 14 ❌ ต้องเป็น Legal marriage ด้วยนะ (TRICKY!) ออก Kahoot

Juristic (legal) person (นิติบุคคล)

• Juristic person not biological person — แต่ก็ให้เป็น person เนื่องจากกฎหมาย
  • ละทำไมพวกบริษัทเหล่านี้ต้องเป็น person ด้วยวะ → ถ้าไม่ให้พวกบริษัทเหล่านี้เป็นคน ในกฎหมายก็ไม่มีที่ไหนเขียนว่าจะให้ใครทำ Contract ได้บ้าง หรือพวก Juristic acts ได้บ้าง
  • กฎหมายเหมือนจะเขียนไว้เป็นแค่ Person แต่ไม่ได้ระบุว่าเป็น Natural person หรือว่า Juristic person

• can be formed as a result of law (a type of person defined by law)
• can perform juristic act
• have the rights and obligation in properties
• may have juristic relations with other juristic person or natural person
• Juristic person. e.g. Company (limited), registered (ordinary) partnership, limited partnership, association, foundation
• Other law ในที่นี้อาจจะหมายถึง พรบ.จัดตั้งมหาลัย, วัด, etc.

Criminal Law: Punishments

• ออก Kahoot ด้วย

มาตรา 18: โทษสำหรับลงแก่ผู้กระทำความผิดมีดังนี้

1. ประหารชีวิต
2. จำคุก
3. กักขัง
4. ปรับ
5. ริบทรัพย์สิน

• ถ้าเจอ 1 ในข้อนี้ รู้เลยว่าเป็น Criminal Offence

Three main section of Criminal Law

• General Provisions
  • e.g. Definitions, Criminal liability, attempt of commitment, etc.
• Specific Offences
  • e.g. Offences relating to counterfeit and alteration, offences relating to trade, offences against life and body, offences against liberty and reputation, offences against properties, etc.
• Petty Offences
  • N.B. The petty offence is the offence which shall be punished by imprisonment not over one month or fine not exceed ten thousand Baht, or both.

Lawsuit

• A legal action initiated by one party against another, involving two primary roles:
  1. Plaintiff: The party that initiates the lawsuit by filing a legal complaint against another party. The plaintiff seeks a legal remedy or redress for alleged harm, violation, or dispute.
  2. Defendant: The party that is being sued or accused by the plaintiff. The defendant must respond to the legal complaint, and the court determines whether the allegations have merit.

Both parties involved in a lawsuit can be either natural persons (individuals) or juristic persons (legal entities such as corporations or organizations).

Court of Law

• Judge: A state official who presides over the court proceedings, interprets and applies the law, and ensures fair and lawful conduct during the trial.
• Jury: A group of individuals selected from the community who serve as finders of facts in a trial. They listen to the evidence presented and determine the factual issues in dispute, providing a collective decision on the case.
  • Only in some countries, e.g. England

Lawyer

• A lawyer is a general term for someone practicing law, generally refers to the same thing as "attorney at law"
• Public prosecutors (อัยการ) typically act as suers. (Mostly criminal cases, 99%)

Witness & Evidence

Witness

• An individual who must be a person

Evidence

• Documentary Evidence: Written or recorded material, such as contracts, letters, or official records.
• Material Evidence: Tangible items or physical objects presented to support a party's claims or defenses.

Burden of proof is usually assigned to the accuser (Plaintiff)

Legal Terms

Litigant

• A party that is engaged in a lawsuit.
  • which includes both the party initiating the legal action (plaintiff) and the party being sued or accused (defendant).

Prosecutor

• A prosecutor is an individual who has the authority to initiate a criminal lawsuit
• The term "prosecutor" is often synonymous with "public prosecutor." : government lawyer who conducts cases as suer
• In some cases, the injured party (the victim) can also act as a prosecutor, can initiate lawsuit

or both the public prosecutor and the injured party can work together as "joint prosecutors" to bring forth a criminal case.

Jurisdiction

• Jurisdiction (อำนาจศาล) refers to the authority of a court to hear a case and resolve a dispute.
• This can be based on territorial considerations, where a court has authority within a specific geographical area. ex. if the case happened at Bangkok, we can’t file a lawsuit at Chiang Mai
• In the context of the online legal environment, jurisdiction may extend beyond physical boundaries due to the nature of the internet, allowing courts to establish immediate long-distance communications with anyone who can access a website.

Lecture 1 - Overview

Lecture 1 - Overview