Connections between Law & Technology

• Generic Laws vs. Specific Laws (as discussed).

  • Generic Laws: Fundamental legal principles applicable across various domains.
  • Specific Laws: Address issues directly related to technology.

• Connections between law and technology are not just about laws that are related to technology.

  • It should reflect a broader framework which includes the aspect about technology related to law as well.

    $\boxed{\text{LAW}}\longleftrightarrow\boxed{\text{TECHNOLOGY}}$

• ถ้าไม่มีการ Update กฎหมายเรื่อย ๆ มันก็จะล้าหลัง แล้วไม่ Suit กับปัจจุบัน (ในยุคของ Internet) → ก็เลยต้องมี Speficic law มาให้มันครอบคลุม new legal concerns ต่าง ๆ

The Poverty of Law & Technology

• Technology is changing rapidly. → usually leads to legal issues, concerns or questions.
• Books or research articles that talks about these topic is usually written by lawyers. (แล้วใครจะเป็นคนเชื่อมกฎหมายพวกนี้กับ Technology? = ทุกคนไง!)
• Cultural anxieties surrounding certain technologies can be seen as being channelled into the legal domain i.e. gaps within jurisdictions.

What Makes Technology-related Law?

Society, Culture, Technology:

They are all related in a real-world practice (with soft boundaries = no clear boundaries).

• These components can influence law development process.
• Laws are in charge and can be applied to relevant aspects.
  
• The society gather people together, when people linving together this will create culture

Laws for Governing Relevant Topics

Some technology-related topics are to be regulated or prohibited by law in order to bring about peace and good morals. For example,

• Cyber law: considered the growth of ICT and also projected an ICT future whose legality needed thinking about in the then present.
  • ต้องมี Law มา Support this kind of activity เช่น Email
  • Click on internet ก็สามารถทำไปสู่ Cyber crime ได้เช่นกัน เช่นไป Post อะไรไปเรื่อยบน Social Media แล้ว Offend certain person — สามารถนำไปสู่ความเกลียดชังได้
  • Deepfake คนอื่น เช่น Mimick voice, spread disinformation, face swapping, facial manipulation (Phishing)
• Intellectual property (IP): The IP right over computer programs.
  • Not just IP address but A LOT! เช่น Copyright, Code ของเรางี้
• Cloning: The possible future human cloning for therapies and reproduction.
  • Scope ของ Course นี้ก็ไม่ได้หยุดอยู่แค่ Technology ยังพูดถึง Advancement in Science เช่นการ Cloning
  • อย่างใน Twins ในระดับ Gene ยังแตกต่างกัน — แต่ถ้าเป็น Human Cloning มันก็จะ chaos 🧍‍♂️🧍‍♂️🧍‍♂️🧍‍♂️🧍‍♂️
  • ถ้ากลับไปดูกฎหมาย Lecture 2 - Introduction to Law (Section 15) ก็บอกว่าต้อง “เด็กออกมาจากท้องแม่อย่างสมบูรณ์” แล้ว Cloning???

Broad Definitions

According to Cockfield (2004):

• LAW: All government institutions that strive to regulate individual or business conduct, including court decisions, legislation, administrative rulings and government policies.
• TECHNOLOGY: Human modification of the environment for a useful purpose.
  • In the context of technology, "useful" refers to having a practical or beneficial application. It implies that technological modifications to the environment are made with the intention of serving a specific, advantageous purpose for human needs or desires.

Need Looking Around in Different Angles

• There has yet to be a strong interdisciplinary tradition of law and technology.
• It is also important to gain better understandings of the relationship between law and technology and their social impacts.
• Example of related disciplines:
  • Criminology
  • Technology studies
  • Science fiction criticism
  • Social research

The Needs of Special Laws

• Traditional legal analysis is incomplete when it fails to consider policy within a broader context of technological changes.
  • → กฎหมายแบบเดิมมันก็ไม่โอเคแล้วอะ เมื่อไม่ได้พิจารณาในบริบทที่กว้างขึ้นของการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางเทคโนโลยีในทุก ๆ วัน
• Legislation of special laws are needed. New law need to be developed

Use of Computer in Law (ในกฎหมายมีการใช้คอมพิวเตอร์ยังไงบ้าง)

• Administrative System: using basic programs to assist law office works. e.g.
  • Word processing: generate and edit documents.
  • Spreadsheet: record and compute accounting and billing information.
  • Database: store and track case files.
• Text Retrieval System (Search): using computer system to search for specific texts (messages, words, characters).
  Very often, the law areas involve working with lots of text data. Searching from database are therefore a useful shortcut in finding related document or contents. e.g.
  • Law Codes
  • Supreme Court Judgements
  • Case files
    Text retrieval system utilizes the mathematical concepts of “set theory”.
  • Union ($\cup$), Intersection ($\cap$), Difference ($-$), Complement ($\bar{A}$, $A^C$)
    How can this be applied to law? — ใช้ในกฎหมายยังไงอะ งง?!? ก็เช่น Kill with intention จะออกมาเป็น Diagram ยังไง ก็เป็น Intersection ระหว่าง Kill & Intention
• Imitation and Modeling (เลียนแบบ & Model):
  • Computer Simulation in Legal Education and Trial
  • Imitation: real-world target situation
  • Modelling:
    • Static structure (คงที่)
    • Animated behavior (ขยับได้)
      • Mimic speed bullet เป็นต้น — จะได้รู้ว่า What had happened in the crime scene?
  • Physical modelling
  • Mathematical modelling
  • Logical modelling
  • Descriptive modelling: dramatic simulations, games, computer simulations
• Forensic Science: e.g.
  • DNA testing 🧬
  • Material evidence in crime scene. 🩸
  • Forensics: Airport Security Detection of
    • Weapons
    • Narcotic substances
    • Other illegal items
• Forensic medicine: e.g.
  • Toxic, cause of death.
• Medicine (incompetence of person.), Physics (traffic offence), GPS (land measurement), AI, Statictics, etc.

Law vs. Ethics

• Ethics define good practice that people in the same society or a specific profession should follow.
  • Differences from Law:
    • Intrinsic thought of people that reflect people mind. ex. Doctor is meant to help people
    • Unofficial regulations — ไม่มีกฎบังคับตายตัว
    • No legal enforcement. — ไม่มีกฎหมายบังคับ
    • Social sanction is the result of ethical breach (as opposed to legal sanctions). — การลงโทษทางสังคม
    • แต่บางครั้ง Ethics ก็สามารถทำให้เกิด Law ในอนาคตได้เช่นกัน
  • In summary, ethics guides good practices based on intrinsic values and differs from law in its informal, non-legally binding nature, relying on social rather than legal sanctions for enforcement.