HW9

1. "The presence of X proves Y." What type of condition is this?
   • sufficient condition
   • helpful condition
   • mandatory condition
   • comparative condition
2. This type of condition is essential but not enough to ensure that the effect always happens.
   • sufficient condition
   • vague condition
   • necessary condition
   • false condition
3. What seriously affects the use of the word "cause"?
   • vagueness
   • hastiness
   • difficulty
   • ambiguity
4. These arguments claim that something is or is not the event that brings about a change or effect.
   • generalization
   • deductive
   • analalogical
   • causal
5. Which statement expresses a necessary condition?
   • One-third of the sample is positive, so we can assume that one-third of the population is positive.
   • If X is true, then Y will always follow.
   • X shares so many similarities as Y that X and Y should be the same.
   • If X did not happen, then Y did not happen.
6. Which set of statements uses sufficient conditions?
   • Ball borrowed the only copy of the 2023 AI programming book; therefore, Ball will read that book.
   • Ball registered in the LAS101; therefore, Ball knows about propositions.
   • Ball did not register for any of the SIIT summer courses. Ball is not one of the SIIT summer students.
   • It's a lie that Ball got disqualified from the math contest, so it is not true to say that she will never win the math contest.
7. Which is the sufficient condition for the conclusion?
   • I heard Ball say that Chemistry wasn't hard. (In purple box)
   • Ball got an At on this semester's Chemistry midterm exam. (In orange box)
   • Therefore, Ball is one of the Chemistry students this semester. (In blue box)
   • These sentences above are in big yellow box
   • The statement in the purple box.
   • All statements inside the yellow box.
   • The statement in the orange box.
   • The statement in the blue box.
8. Which is NOT true about the statements inside the boxes?
   • Ball comes to SIIT from Monday to Friday. (In blue box)
   • Ball must be an SIIT student. (In purple box)
   • Above sentences are in big yellow box
   • The statement inside the blue box gives a necessary condition.
   • The two statements inside the yellow box form an argument.
   • The statement in the purple box is a conclusion.
   • The statement in the blue box is a premise.
9. Which set of statements uses a necessary condition?
   • Ball takes the time to relax in between classes. Ball is a high-achieving student.
   • Ball signed up for the SIIT chemistry contest. Ball will be the SIIT chemistry contest champion.
   • Indeed, Ball has a GPA of 3.97. The highest grade is 4.0. So, Ball is on the honor students list.
   • Ball is on the registrar's list of TU100 students, so Ball is a member of the TU100 class.
10. Which is NOT true about the statements inside the boxes?
    • I heard Ball say that Chemistry wasn't hard. (In purple box)
    • Ball got At on this semester's Chemistry midterm exam. (In orange box)
    • Therefore, Ball is one of the Chemistry students this semester. (In blue box)
    • These sentences above are in big yellow box
    • The statements in the yellow box form an argument.
    • The statement in the blue box is the conclusion.
    • The statements in the purple and orange boxes are each necessary conditions.
    • The statement in the purple box is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition.
11. What method can be applied on the chart below?

• Agreement and Difference
• Difference
• No method
• Agreement

12. What fallacy is committed in the attached argument?
    • Centuries ago, there was no makeup and women died young. (In purple box)
    • In our modern world, women wear makeup and die at a very old age. (In orange box)
    • Makeup is making women live longer. (In blue box)
    • These sentences above are in big yellow box
    • Post hoc fallacy
    • There is no fallacy committed.
    • Chicken and egg fallacy
    • Fallacy of composition
13. What can the attached chart prove?

• The sample instances are similar, so all instances must be similar.
• All instances share similarities, therefore there's high chance that all instances are the same.
• Every time a cause is missing, the effect does not happen.
• There is a cause or factor that is present in all three instances.

14. This method only looks at what factor is similar among instances of the event.
    • Joint method of agreement and disagreement
    • Method of disagreement
    • Method of agreement
    • Method of necessity
15. X and Y are events that do not have a common cause but happen together. One could argue that X caused Y, while another could make the opposite claim. What fallacy is this?
    • There is no fallacy committed.
    • Hasty generalization
    • Fallacy of composition
    • Chicken and Egg fallacy
16. What can the attached chart prove?

• Only the absent cause when the effect did not happen
• Only agreement of causes when the effect happens
• When the cause is present, the effect happens, and when the cause is absent, the effect does not happen
• The chart shows which cause happened first.

17. It is one of Mill's Methods that only looks for what all the cases do not have in common.
    • Agreement
    • Difference
    • Combined Method of Agreement and Difference
    • Necessary Condition
18. Which statement does not belong?
    • If this did not happen, then that won't happen.
    • If this is not found, then that will not be found.
    • If this is here, then that proves that "that" is here.
    • If it cannot do this, then that will not happen.
19. According to the chart below, which factor is the cause?

• Possible cause 4
• Possible cause 1
• Possible cause 5
• Possible cause 3

20. Consider the attached chart. The cases should be numbered from top to bottom, where 1 is the top and 4 is the bottom. Why is Possible Cause 2 not the cause?

• It is present in case 1.
• It is present in cases 2 and 3.
• It is not present in case 2.
• It is not present in case 1.

Answer Key

1. [x] sufficient condition - "If X is present, then that proves Y" indicates a sufficient condition.

2. [x] necessary condition - A necessary condition is essential but not enough alone to ensure the effect happens.

3. [x] ambiguity - The lecture explicitly states that the word "cause" is seriously affected by ambiguity.

4. [x] causal - Causal arguments claim that something is (or is not) the cause of something else.

5. [x] If X did not happen, then Y did not happen. - This expresses a necessary condition using the "without this, then not that" formula.

6. [x] Ball did not register for any of the SIIT summer courses. Ball is not one of the SIIT summer students. - This uses sufficient condition: "If NOT registered, then NOT a summer student."

7. [x] The statement in the orange box. - "Ball got an A+ on Chemistry midterm" is the sufficient condition that proves Ball is a Chemistry student.

8. [x] The statement inside the blue box gives a necessary condition. - "Coming to SIIT Monday-Friday" is NOT a necessary condition for being an SIIT student (students can come other days or take online courses).

9. [x] Ball is on the registrar's list of TU100 students, so Ball is a member of the TU100 class. - This uses sufficient condition: being on the list proves membership.

10. [x] The statements in the purple and orange boxes are each necessary conditions. - Neither statement alone is necessary or sufficient to prove Ball is a Chemistry student.

11. [x] Agreement - The chart shows what factor is present in all instances where the effect happened (Method of Agreement).

12. [x] Post hoc fallacy - This commits the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy - assuming makeup causes longevity just because they occurred in temporal sequence.

13. [x] There is a cause or factor that is present in all three instances. - The chart demonstrates the Method of Agreement, showing Possible Cause 4 is present in all three instances.

14. [x] Method of agreement - This method looks only at what factors are similar among instances where the effect occurs.

15. [x] Chicken and Egg fallacy - When X and Y occur together without a common cause, and we can't determine which causes which.

16. [x] When the cause is present, the effect happens, and when the cause is absent, the effect does not happen - This demonstrates the Joint Method of Agreement and Difference.

17. [x] Difference - The Method of Difference looks for what is missing when the effect does not happen.

18. [x] If this is here, then that proves that "that" is here. - This statement describes a sufficient condition, while the others describe necessary conditions.

19. [x] Possible cause 4 - Looking at the chart with the Joint Method, Possible Cause 4 is present in all three cases where the effect happened (rows 1, 2, 3) and absent in the case where the effect did NOT happen (row 4).

20. [x] It is not present in case 1. - This is correct using the Method of Agreement. If Possible Cause 2 is missing when the effect happened (case 1), it can't be the cause.

Main Topics Covered:

1. Sufficient Conditions (Questions 1, 6, 7, 9) - "If X, then Y" - X proves/guarantees Y
2. Necessary Conditions (Questions 2, 5, 8, 10) - "Without X, then not Y" - X is required but not enough alone
3. Mill's Methods (Questions 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20):
   • Method of Agreement: What's common when effect happens
   • Method of Difference: What's missing when effect doesn't happen
   • Joint Method: Combines both approaches
4. Fallacies (Questions 12, 15):
   • Post Hoc: Assuming causation from temporal sequence
   • Chicken and Egg: Can't determine which event causes which