15 Proposals

เอกสารเพื่อโน้มน้าวใจใครซักคน5555

• Could be on the #FinalExam as well!

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What Is a Proposal?

Definition

• Proposals are persuasive documents that offer a solution to an identified problem or need
• Proposals try to sell:
  • An idea
  • A product or service
  • A new concept or plan

  หน้าที่หลัก ๆ เลยก็คือการขาย

• The successful proposal persuades your audience to:
  • Accept your offered solution
  • Invest in your idea, product, plan, or service

Proposal vs. Recommendation Report

เคาะมาแล้วคำตอบเดียว แล้วจะใช้เอกสารนี้เนี่ยแหละ โน้มน้าวสิ่งที่เราจะนำเสนอ

• Both are persuasive documents focused on problems and solutions
• Key Difference:
  • A proposal does NOT compare different alternatives (A and B)
  • Proposals focus on ==only one solution or idea==
  • ก็เป็นเหตุผลว่า Proposal จะสั้นกว่า Recommendation Report นั่นเองงง

Types of Proposals

ประเภท → กำหนดโครงสร้าง, ภาษา, ความละเอียด — มีหลายเกณฑ์ด้วยนะ

Important Note

• There are many different types of proposals
• You must be aware of which type you are writing
• As usual, this depends on your audience and purpose

A. Internal vs. External Proposals

แบ่งตามผู้รับสาร คนในองค์กร หรือ คนนอกองค์กร

Internal Proposals

• Definition: Within the organization
• Purpose: Usually try to sell an idea or a plan
• Readers: Inside the writer's organization
  • ภาษาเป็นกันเองได้หน่อย ไม่เหมือนคุยกับคนนอก

External Proposals

• Definition: Outside the organization
• Purpose: Frequently try to sell goods or services as well as ideas
• Readers: Outside the writer's organization
  • อาจจะเป็นลูกค้า เสนอขายสินค้าบริการ
  • เป็นทางการ ให้ข้อมูลมากกว่า
  • ไม่ควรเป็น Memo, Pual บอกว่าเป็น Email ไรงี้

B. Formal vs. Informal Proposals

แบ่งตามระดับความเป็นทางการ

Informal Proposals

• Length: Brief, generally from one to eight pages
• Organization: Flexible organization plans
• Language: Use less formal language
• Presentation: Frequently presented to an internal audience as a letter, memo, or email

ไม่ได้แปลว่าเขียนคำหยาบ 5555 แต่มันคือเนื้อหาที่มันไม่ได้จริงจังขนาดนั้น less serious

Formal Proposals

• Audience: Usually addresses an external and often unfamiliar audience
• Organization: Organized according to standard elements of formal researched reports
• Length: Longer and contains more parts than informal proposals
• Differences from informal proposals:
  • Tone: Detached, professional voice writers might use with a high-level official
  • Additional parts: Glossary, appendixes, and transmittal correspondence
  • Complexity: More complex outcomes being proposed
  • Seriousness: High-stakes issues, large amounts of money involved (e.g., very large and expensive proposed projects)

C. Solicited vs. Unsolicited Proposals

จำได้มั้ยว่าคืออะไร 14 Recommendation Reports — แบ่งตามที่มาของการเขียน (ผู้รับร้องขอ, ไม่ร้องขอ)

Solicited Proposal

• Definition: One the reader asked the writer to create
• Request method: A request for a solicited proposal might appear in an RFP (Request for Proposal)

Unsolicited Proposal

• Definition: Begun when the writer "discovers" a problem and decides to inform others about it, along with a solution
• Initiative: Written independently without a request

D. Sales, Research, Grant, and Planning Proposals

ระวังให้ดี จำให้ได้อยู่ใน Information Part ของ #FinalExam — แบ่งตามวัตถุประสงค์หลักโดยตรง

Sales Proposal

• Tries to sell a product or service

Research Proposal

• Asks for approval to begin a study or an investigation

Grant Proposal

• Seeks money for a specified project
• เน้นคล้าย ๆ วิจัยแต่ขอเงินเป็นหลัก อาจจะไม่เกี่ยวกับงานวิจัยก็ได้

Planning Proposal

• Tries to persuade an audience to take a particular action
• เช่น ขอเปลี่ยนโต๊ะในห้องได้มั้ย
• ให้ผู้มีอำนาจทำอะไรบางอย่าง

Proposal Categories Summary Table

Sample Proposal Analysis Exercise

Questions to Answer:

• Is it internal or external?
• Is it formal or informal?
• Do you think it is solicited or unsolicited?
• Which type of proposal does it match best with? (Sales, grant, etc.)
• What is proposed?
• Why is it proposed?
• Do you agree that the benefits would outweigh the drawbacks? Why or why not?

Sample Proposal: Additional Night Custodian

TO: Dr. Martin Svoboda, Principal
FROM: Emmett Yackley, Head Custodian
DATE: July 14, 20—
SUBJECT: Proposal for Additional Night Custodian

Problem

• The custodians who work the evening shift cannot complete all of the special setups required for meetings and clean the rooms efficiently
• Hiring an additional custodian to work the midnight shift would help ensure that all of the work gets done

Background

เวลาเขียนไม่ได้เป็น Bullet point อย่างนี้นะ เขียนยาว ๆ ทีเดียวเลย (อันนี้ทำให้อ่านง่ายเฉย ๆ)

Background คือจะเป็น direct connection จาก Problem เลยนะ อธิบายเพิ่มเติมอะไรประมาณนี้ (more detailed) — หรือจะพูดได้ว่า Problem คือ Summary ของ Background + Solution ก็ได้นะ แต่ไม่ได้ necessary

ใน Exam จะไม่พูดถึง GRANT นะ ถ้าจะพูดถึงอาจจะเป็น Planning พูดอย่างงี้แปลว่าไม่ออก555

• The workload for the night shift consists of:
  • Cleaning the classrooms and offices
  • Cleaning the halls
  • Cleaning the restrooms
• When setups are required, custodians must:
  • Move tables and assemble rows of chairs
  • Still complete the cleaning of these areas
• The number of special setups has been increasing, as the following data shows:

• Teachers, students, and visitors often comment that the building sometimes looks clean and sometimes appears dirty
• Unfortunately, a dirty building does not make for good public relations

Solution

• An additional custodian working the midnight shift could dismantle the setups
• This person would free the regular night custodians to clean
• When no special setups are required, this person could:
  • Help clean
  • Wash and polish floors
  • Vacuum offices
• The estimated cost to fill the position of a night shift custodian is $22,500–$25,000 a year

Benefits

• If the midnight shift workload was shared by an additional custodian, the problems described would be eliminated

Conclusion

• Staffing this new position will be costly, but I believe the benefits far outweigh the financial considerations
• I hope you will pursue the hiring of a custodian for the night shift

• Is it internal or external?
  • Internal
• Is it formal or informal?
  • Informal (Shorter)
• Do you think it is solicited or unsolicited?
  • Unsolicited
• Which type of proposal does it match best with? (Sales, grant, etc.)
  • Planning proposal (hire more people)
  • ถ้าเป็น Grant คือขอเงินให้เรา เพื่อให้เราจะไปทำอะไรบางอย่าง
• What is proposed?
  • Additional Night Custodian
• Why is it proposed?
  • To make sure that all works get done!
• Do you agree that the benefits would outweigh the drawbacks? Why or why not?
  • Yes, the visitors won’t complain about the building being dirty.
  • They provided the evidence (chart, comment ไรงี้)

Structure of Proposals

Short Informal Proposals

• (POTENTIAL WRITING PART FOR #FinalExam)
• ถ้าอยู่ในข้อสอบก็จะเขียนให้เป็น Memo Format นั่นแหละ

Note: The sample given is a very short informal proposal of a type that you could write in an exam situation. Most real-life proposals will be longer and more varied. Also, longer proposals may have more and differently organized subheadings. In any case, follow the above structure for practice and exam.

Primary (Bolded) and Secondary Structure:

1. Introduction/Problem
   • Problem heading + problem and solution (Paul พึ่งแก้)
2. Body
   • Background heading + background (Main statistics and evidence here)
   • Solutions heading + solution
   • Benefits heading + benefits
3. Conclusion
   • Conclusion heading + conclusion

Longer Informal Proposals (INFORMATION Qs ONLY)

Note: Different organization from short proposals. You will not need to do all this in an exam.

Structure Components:

1. Summary or abstract (optional)
   • A condensed version of the proposal
2. Introduction
   • The problem
   • The solution
   • Any background information the reader needs
3. Body
   • The specific evidence to convince the reader that the plan is worthy
4. Conclusion
   • Wraps up the report and spurs the reader into action

Assignment Guidelines

Requirements:

• Write a short one-page informal proposal in memo format
• Choose your topic and audience
• Identify a problem and think of a solution
• Remember: You are trying to persuade your audience to agree with your solution to the problem
• Your writing is either going to be effective or ineffective

Example Topics

Here are examples of problems to solve:

Note: You can choose any topic you wish as long as you clear it with the instructor.

FOCUS: Task Achievement

Proposal

Critical Component for Content Score:

• This will be a MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR to your content score
• It will help make your proposal more persuasive
• Visual data representation strengthens your argument

Peer Correction Guidelines

Content Emphasis:

• Layout:
  • Spacing, indents, margins
  • Position of tables, pie charts, etc.
• Persuasiveness:
  • Especially use of facts/figures/statistics

Structure:

• Primary and secondary structure correct?

Language Emphasis:

• Style: Formal and objective
• Accuracy:
  • Use of Present Simple to describe current problem
  • Modal auxiliaries in solution (e.g., would, might, can, etc.)

Note on Headings:

• The positioning and clarity of headings is a matter of CONTENT (e.g., spacing, underlining, capitalizing)
• The presence of the heading (for this text) is a matter of secondary STRUCTURE (if you leave a heading out, you are negatively marked)

Summary

• Proposals are persuasive documents offering solutions to identified problems
• Focus on one solution, not multiple alternatives
• Choose the appropriate type based on audience and purpose
• Follow the proper structure for your proposal type
• Support your proposal with concrete data and evidence
• Use formal, objective language
• Include visual data representation for maximum persuasiveness